Aluminium ke tšepe e ngata ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng 'me ke ntho ea boraro e tloaelehileng e nang le 8% ea bokaholimo ba lefatše. Ho feto-fetoha ha aluminium ho etsa hore e be tšepe e sebelisoang haholo ka mor'a tšepe.
Tlhahiso ea Aluminium
Aluminium e tsoa ho mineral bauxite. Bauxite e fetoloa aluminium oxide (alumina) ka mokhoa oa Bayer Process. Joale alumina e fetoloa tšepe ea aluminium e sebelisa lisele tsa electrolytic le Hall-Heroult Process.
Tlhokahalo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Aluminium
Tlhokahalo ea aluminium lefatšeng ka bophara e ka ba lithane tse limilione tse 29 ka selemo. Hoo e ka bang lithane tse limilione tse 22 ke aluminium e ncha 'me lithane tse limilione tse 7 ke likhechana tsa aluminium tse sebelisoang hape. Tšebeliso ea aluminium e sebelisoang hape e na le moruo le tikoloho. Ho nka 14,000 kWh ho hlahisa tonne e le 1 ea aluminium e ncha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho nka 5% feela ea sena ho lokisa le ho sebelisa tonne e le 'ngoe ea aluminium hape. Ha ho na phapang ea boleng lipakeng tsa li-alloys tsa aluminium tsa moroetsana le tse nchafalitsoeng.
Lisebelisoa tsa Aluminium
Hloekilengaluminiume bonolo, e na le ductile, e thibela ho bola 'me e na le conductivity e phahameng ea motlakase. E sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa lithapo tsa foil le conductor, empa ho kopanngoa le likarolo tse ling hoa hlokahala ho fana ka matla a phahameng a hlokahalang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ling. Aluminium ke e 'ngoe ea litšepe tsa boenjiniere tse bobebe ka ho fetesisa, e nang le tekanyo ea matla ho boima ho feta tšepe.
Ka ho sebelisa metsoako e fapaneng ea thepa ea eona e ntle joalo ka matla, bobebe, ho hanyetsa kutu, ho sebelisoa hape le sebopeho, aluminium e ntse e sebelisoa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lits'ebetso. Letoto lena la lihlahisoa ho tloha ho lisebelisoa tsa meralo ho isa ho li-foil tse tšesaane tsa ho paka.
Likhetho tsa Alloy
Aluminium hangata e kopantsoe le koporo, zinki, magnesium, silicon, manganese le lithium. Keketso e nyane ea chromium, titanium, zirconium, lead, bismuth le nickel le eona e entsoe mme tšepe e lula e le teng ka bongata bo fokolang.
Ho na le li-alloys tse fetang 300 tse betliloeng tse 50 tse sebelisoang hangata. Hangata li khetholloa ka mokhoa oa litšoantšo tse 'nè tse qalileng USA' me li se li amoheloa hohle. Letlapa la 1 le hlalosa tsamaiso ea li-alloys tse entsoeng. Li-alloys tsa cast li na le mabitso a tšoanang 'me li sebelisa sistimi ea linomoro tse hlano.
Lethathamo la 1.Lits'oants'o tsa li-alloys tsa aluminium tse entsoeng.
| Alloying Element | E sebelitsoeng |
|---|---|
| Ha ho letho (99%+ Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Koporo | 2XXX |
| Manganese | 3XXX |
| Silicone | 4XXX |
| Magnesium | 5XXX |
| Magnesium + Silicon | 6XXX |
| Zinki | 7XXX |
| Lithium | 8XXX |
Bakeng sa li-alloys tsa aluminium tse sa sebetseng tse khethiloeng 1XXX, linomoro tse peli tsa ho qetela li emela bohloeki ba tšepe. Li lekana le linomoro tse peli tsa ho qetela ka mor'a ntlha ea decimal ha aluminium e hloekileng e hlahisoa ho karolo e haufi ea 0.01 lekholong. Nomoro ea bobeli e bontša liphetoho meeling ea ho se hloeke. Haeba nomoro ea bobeli e le zero, e bontša aluminium e sa kolobisoang e nang le meeli ea tlhaho ea ho se hloeke le 1 ho ea ho 9, e bonts'a litšila kapa likarolo tsa motsoako.
Bakeng sa lihlopha tse 2XXX ho isa ho tse 8XXX, linomoro tse peli tsa ho qetela li supa li-alloys tse fapaneng tsa aluminium sehlopheng. Nomoro ea bobeli e bonts'a liphetoho tsa alloy. Nomoro ea bobeli ea zero e bonts'a motsoako oa mantlha, 'me linomoro 1 ho isa ho 9 li bonts'a liphetoho tse latellanang tsa alloy.
Thepa ea 'Mele ea Aluminium
Boima ba Aluminium
Aluminium e na le boima bo ka bang karolo ea boraro ea tšepe kapa koporo e etsang hore e be e 'ngoe ea litšepe tse bobebe ka ho fetisisa tse fumanehang khoebong. Sephetho sa matla a phahameng ho boima ba 'mele se etsa hore e be thepa ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho e lumellang ho eketseha ha meputso kapa ho boloka mafura bakeng sa liindasteri tsa lipalangoang ka ho khetheha.
Matla a Aluminium
Aluminium e hloekileng ha e na matla a holimo. Leha ho le joalo, ho eketsoa ha likarolo tsa motsoako tse kang manganese, silicon, koporo le magnesium ho ka eketsa thepa ea matla ea aluminium le ho hlahisa motsoako o nang le thepa e lumellanang le lisebelisoa tse itseng.
Aluminiume loketse hantle libaka tse batang. E na le molemo ho feta tšepe ka hore 'matla a eona a thata a eketseha ka mocheso o fokotsehang ha e ntse e boloka boima ba eona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšepe e fetoha brittle mocheso o tlase.
Corrosion Resistance ea Aluminium
Ha e pepesehile moeeng, lera la aluminium oxide le hlaha hoo e batlang e le hang-hang holim'a aluminium. Lera lena le na le khanyetso e ntle ho kutu. E hanyetsana le li-acids tse ngata empa ha e hanyetsane le alkalis.
Thermal Conductivity ea Aluminium
Thermal conductivity ea aluminium e ka ba makhetlo a mararo ho feta ea tšepe. Sena se etsa hore aluminiamo e be thepa ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse pholileng le tse futhumatsang tse kang lisebelisoa tsa mocheso. Ha e kopantsoe le ho se be chefo, thepa ena e bolela hore aluminium e sebelisoa haholo lijana tsa ho pheha le lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha.
Motlakase Conductivity ea Aluminium
Hammoho le koporo, aluminium e na le conductivity ea motlakase e phahameng ka ho lekaneng hore e ka sebelisoa e le mokhanni oa motlakase. Le hoja conductivity ea alloy e sebelisoang hangata (1350) e ka bang 62% feela ea koporo e kentsoeng, ke karolo ea boraro feela ea boima ba 'mele, kahoo e ka tsamaisa motlakase o imenne habeli ha o bapisoa le koporo ea boima bo tšoanang.
Reflectivity ea Aluminium
Ho tloha ho UV ho isa ho infra-red, aluminium ke sesupo se setle sa matla a mahlaseli. Khanya e bonahalang ea khanya ea hoo e ka bang 80% e bolela hore e sebelisoa haholo linthong tsa mabone. E tšoanang thepa ea reflectivity etsaaluminiume ntle joalo ka seretse se sireletsang mahlaseling a letsatsi hlabula, ha se sireletsa khahlanong le tahlehelo ea mocheso mariha.
Lethathamo la 2.Thepa bakeng sa aluminium.
| Thepa | Boleng |
|---|---|
| Nomoro ea Atomic | 13 |
| Boima ba Atomic (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Valency | 3 |
| Sebopeho sa Crystal | FCC |
| Melting Point (°C) | 660.2 |
| Sebaka se belang (°C) | 2480 |
| Mocheso o Khethehileng (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Thermal Conductivity (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Katoloso e Kopanetsoeng ea Linear (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Matla a Motlakase ho 20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Boima ba 'mele (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Modulus of Elasticity (GPA) | 68.3 |
| Poissons karo-karolelano | 0.34 |
Thepa ea Mechini ea Aluminium
Aluminium e ka holofala haholo ntle le ho hloleha. Sena se lumella aluminium hore e thehoe ka ho roala, ho ntša, ho taka, ho sebetsa ka mechine le mekhoa e meng ea mechine. E ka boela ea lahleloa ho mamello e phahameng.
Alloying, ho sebetsa ho batang le ho futhumatsa mocheso kaofela li ka sebelisoa ho hlophisa thepa ea aluminium.
Matla a tsitsitseng a aluminium e hloekileng a ka bang 90 MPa empa sena se ka eketsoa ho feta 690 MPa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ling tse phekolehang mocheso.
Melao ea Aluminium
Tekanyetso ea khale ea BS1470 e nkeloe sebaka ke litekanyetso tse robong tsa EN. Litekanyetso tsa EN li fanoe tafoleng ea 4.
Lethathamo la 4.Litekanyetso tsa EN bakeng sa aluminium
| Standard | Sebaka |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Maemo a tekheniki bakeng sa tlhahlobo le phano |
| EN485-2 | Thepa ea mechine |
| EN485-3 | Mamello bakeng sa lintho tse chesang tse kolobisitsoeng |
| EN485-4 | Tolerances bakeng sa lintho tse batang phuthoa |
| EN515 | Litlhaloso tsa khalefo |
| EN573-1 | Sistimi ea mabitso a alloy ea linomoro |
| EN573-2 | Sistimi ea ho khetholla matšoao a lik'hemik'hale |
| EN573-3 | Liqapi tsa lik'hemik'hale |
| EN573-4 | Mefuta ea lihlahisoa ka li-alloys tse fapaneng |
Litekanyetso tsa EN li fapana le maemo a khale, BS1470 libakeng tse latelang:
- Liqapi tsa lik'hemik'hale - ha li fetohe.
- Sistimi ea linomoro tsa alloy - ha e fetohe.
- Litlhaloso tsa mocheso bakeng sa li-alloys tse phekolehang mocheso hona joale li koahela mefuta e mengata ea khalefo e khethehileng. Ho fihla ho linomoro tse 'ne ka mor'a hore T e hlahisoe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse sa tloaelehang (mohlala, T6151).
- Litlhaloso tsa khalefo bakeng sa li-alloys tse sa phekoleheng - khalefo e teng ha e fetohe empa khalefo e se e hlalositsoe ka botlalo ho latela hore na e bōpiloe joang. Soft (O) temper e se e le H111 mme H112 e bohareng e hlahisitsoe. Bakeng sa alloy 5251 tempers e se e bontšoa e le H32/H34/H36/H38 (e lekanang le H22/H24, joalo-joalo). H19/H22 & H24 joale li bonts'itsoe ka thoko.
- Thepa ea mechine - lula e tšoana le lipalo tse fetileng. 0.2% Khatello ea Bopaki joale e tlameha ho qotsoa litifikeiting tsa liteko.
- Mamello e tiisitsoe ho isa tekanyong e fapaneng.
Phekolo ea Mocheso ea Aluminium
Mefuta e mengata ea phekolo ea mocheso e ka sebelisoa ho li-alloys tsa aluminium:
- Homogenisation - ho tlosa karohano ka ho futhumatsa ka mor'a ho lahla.
- Annealing - e sebelisoang ka mor'a ho sebetsa ka serame ho nolofatsa li-alloys tse thatafatsang mosebetsi (1XXX, 3XXX le 5XXX).
- Pula kapa ho thatafala ha lilemo (alloys 2XXX, 6XXX le 7XXX).
- Tharollo mocheso kalafo pele botsofali ba precipitation thatafatsa alloys.
- Ho fafatsa bakeng sa ho phekola maqeba
- Ka mor'a phekolo ea mocheso ho eketsoa sekoti ho linomoro tsa mabitso.
- Sehlongoa F se bolela "joalokaha se entsoe".
- O e bolela "lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka annealed".
- T e bolela hore e 'nile ea "phekoloa mocheso".
- W e bolela hore thepa e 'nile ea phekoloa mocheso oa tharollo.
- H e bua ka li-alloys tse sa phekoleheng ka mocheso tse "sebetsang serame" kapa "strain hard hard".
- Li-alloys tse sa phekoleheng mocheso ke tse lihlopha tsa 3XXX, 4XXX le 5XXX.
Nako ea poso: Jun-16-2021