Aluminium ke tšepe e ngata ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng 'me ke karolo ea boraro e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa e etsang 8% ea bokaholimo ba lefatše. Ho tenyetseha ha aluminium ho etsa hore e be tšepe e sebelisoang haholo kamora tšepe.
Tlhahiso ea Aluminium
Aluminium e nkiloe ho bauxite ea diminerale. Bauxite e fetoloa aluminium oxide (alumina) ka Bayer Process. Ebe alumina e fetoloa tšepe ea aluminium ho sebelisoa lisele tsa electrolytic le Hall-Heroult Process.
Tlhoko ea Selemo le Selemo ea Aluminium
Tlhoko ea aluminium lefatšeng ka bophara ke lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 29 ka selemo. Lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 22 ke aluminium e ncha 'me lithane tse limilione tse 7 ke lithōle tsa aluminium tse sebelisitsoeng hape. Tšebeliso ea aluminium e sebelisitsoeng hape e hohela moruo le tikoloho. Ho nka 14,000 kWh ho hlahisa tonne e le 'ngoe ea aluminium e ncha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho nka 5% feela ea sena ho qhibilihisa le ho sebelisa tonne e le 'ngoe ea aluminium hape. Ha ho na phapang ea boleng lipakeng tsa li-alloy tsa aluminium tse sa tsoakoang le tse sebelisitsoeng hape.
Litšebeliso tsa Aluminium
E hloekilealuminiumE bonolo, e na le ductile, e hanela mafome 'me e na le motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase. E sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa likhoele tsa foil le tsa conductor, empa ho kopanngoa le likarolo tse ling hoa hlokahala ho fana ka matla a holimo a hlokahalang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ling. Aluminium ke e 'ngoe ea litšepe tse bobebe ka ho fetisisa tsa boenjiniere, e nang le karolelano ea matla ho boima e fetang tšepe.
Ka ho sebelisa metsoako e fapaneng ea thepa ea eona e molemo joalo ka matla, bobebe, ho hanyetsa mafome, ho sebelisoa hape le ho bopeha habonolo, aluminium e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ntseng li eketseha. Lihlahisoa tsena tse ngata li tloha ho thepa ea meaho ho isa ho li-foil tse tšesaane tsa ho paka.
Litlhaloso tsa Alloy
Hangata aluminium e kopanngoa le koporo, zinki, magnesium, silicon, manganese le lithium. Ho eketsoa chromium, titanium, zirconium, loto, bismuth le nickel ho etsoa 'me tšepe e lula e le teng ka bongata bo bonyenyane.
Ho na le di-alloy tse entsweng tse fetang 300 tse nang le tse 50 tse sebediswang ka ho tshwana. Hangata di hlwauwa ke sistimi ya dipalo tse nne e simolohileng USA mme jwale e amohelwa ke bohle. Tafole ya 1 e hlalosa sistimi ya di-alloy tse entsweng. Di-alloy tse entsweng di na le mabitso a tshwanang mme di sebedisa sistimi ya dinomoro tse hlano.
Tafole ea 1.Litlhaloso tsa li-alloy tsa aluminium tse entsoeng ka tšepe.
| Karolo ea ho Kopanya | E entsoe |
|---|---|
| Ha ho letho (99%+ Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Koporo | 2XXX |
| Manganese | 3XXX |
| Silicone | 4XXX |
| Magnesiamo | 5XXX |
| Magnesium + Silicone | 6XXX |
| Zinki | 7XXX |
| Lithium | 8XXX |
Bakeng sa di-alloy tsa aluminium tse entsweng ka letsoho tse sa kopanngwang tse kgethilweng 1XXX, dinomoro tse pedi tsa ho qetela di emela bohloeki ba tshepe. Di lekana le dinomoro tse pedi tsa ho qetela kamora ntlha ya desimali ha bohloeki ba aluminium bo hlahiswa ho peresente e haufi ya 0.01. Dinomoro tsa bobedi di bontsha diphetoho meeding ya ho se hlweke. Haeba dinomoro tsa bobedi e le lefela, e bontsha aluminium e sa kopanngwang e nang le meedi ya tlhaho ya ho se hlweke mme 1 ho isa ho 9, e bontsha ditshila tsa motho ka mong kapa dikarolo tsa ho kopanya.
Bakeng sa lihlopha tsa 2XXX ho isa ho 8XXX, linomoro tse peli tsa ho qetela li khetholla li-alloy tse fapaneng tsa aluminium sehlopheng. Palo ea bobeli e bontša liphetoho tsa motsoako. Palo ea bobeli ea lefela e bontša motsoako oa pele 'me linomoro tse felletseng 1 ho isa ho 9 li bontša liphetoho tse latellanang tsa motsoako.
Matlotlo a 'Mele a Aluminium
Botebo ba Aluminium
Aluminium e na le boima bo ka bang karolo ea boraro ea tšepe kapa koporo e etsang hore e be e 'ngoe ea litšepe tse bobebe ka ho fetisisa tse fumanehang khoebong. Karolelano e phahameng ea matla le boima e etsa hore e be thepa ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho e lumellang mojaro o eketsehileng oa meputso kapa poloko ea mafura bakeng sa liindasteri tsa lipalangoang haholo-holo.
Matla a Aluminium
Aluminium e hloekileng ha e na matla a ho thapolla a phahameng. Leha ho le jwalo, ho eketsoa ha dielemente tse kopanyang tse kang manganese, silicon, koporo le magnesium ho ka eketsa matla a aluminium mme ha hlahisa motswako o nang le thepa e etseditsweng ditshebediso tse itseng.
Aluminiume loketse hantle tikolohong e batang. E na le molemo ho feta tšepe ka hore matla a eona a ho thapolla aa eketseha ha mocheso o fokotseha ha e ntse e boloka matla a eona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšepe e fetoha e pshatlehang habonolo ha mocheso o le tlase.
Ho Hanela Tshenyo ha Aluminium
Ha e pepesetsoa moeeng, lera la aluminium oxide le hlaha hang-hang holim'a aluminium. Lera lena le na le khanyetso e ntle ea ho bola. Le hanela li-acid tse ngata empa ha le hanele li-alkali haholo.
Ho Tsamaisa Mocheso ha Aluminium
Ho tsamaisa mocheso ha aluminium ho feta tšepe ka makhetlo a mararo. Sena se etsa hore aluminium e be thepa ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho pholisa le ho futhumatsa tse kang li-heat-exchange. Ha e kopantsoe le ho se be chefo, thepa ena e bolela hore aluminium e sebelisoa haholo lijaneng tsa ho pheha le lisebelisoa tsa kichineng.
Ho Tsamaisa Motlakase ha Aluminium
Hammoho le koporo, aluminium e na le motlakase o phahameng ho lekana hore e ka sebelisoa e le mokhanni oa motlakase. Leha motlakase o sebelisoang haholo (1350) e le hoo e ka bang 62% feela ea koporo e annealed, ke karolo ea boraro feela ea boima 'me ka hona e ka tsamaisa motlakase o fetang habeli ha o bapisoa le koporo ea boima bo tšoanang.
Ho bonahatsa ha Aluminium
Ho tloha ho UV ho isa ho infra-red, aluminium ke pontsho e ntle ea matla a mahlaseli. Pontsho e bonahalang ea leseli e ka bang 80% e bolela hore e sebelisoa haholo maboneng. Thepa e tšoanang ea pontsho e etsa horealuminiume ntle e le thepa e sireletsang mocheso ho sireletsa mahlaseli a letsatsi hlabula, ha ka nako e ts'oanang e sireletsa mocheso ho tahlehelo ea mocheso mariha.
Tafole ea 2.Matlo a aluminium.
| Thepa | Boleng |
|---|---|
| Nomoro ea Athomo | 13 |
| Boima ba Athomo (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Boleng | 3 |
| Sebopeho sa kristale | FCC |
| Sebaka sa ho Qhibiliha (°C) | 660.2 |
| Sebaka sa ho Belisa (°C) | 2480 |
| Mocheso o Ikhethang o Karolelano (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Ho Tsamaisa Mocheso (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Katoloso e Tswellang ya Mola (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Ho hanyetsa motlakase ho 20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Botenya (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Modulus ea Elasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Karolelano ea Poissons | 0.34 |
Thepa ea Mekaniki ea Aluminium
Aluminium e ka senyeha haholo ntle le ho hloleha. Sena se dumella aluminium ho bopjwa ka ho pitikisa, ho ntsha, ho hula, ho sebetsa ka machining le ditshebetso tse ding tsa mechine. E ka boela ya lahlelwa ka matla a ho mamella.
Ho kopanya, ho sebetsa ka serame le ho phekola mocheso kaofela li ka sebelisoa ho etsa hore thepa ea aluminium e tšoanelehe.
Matla a ho thapolla a aluminium e hlwekileng a ka ba 90 MPa empa sena se ka eketsoa ho feta 690 MPa bakeng sa di-alloy tse ding tse ka phekolwang ka mocheso.
Maemo a Aluminium
Tekanyetso ea khale ea BS1470 e nketsoe sebaka ke maemo a robong a EN. Maemo a EN a fanoe tafoleng ea 4.
Tafole ea 4.Litekanyetso tsa EN bakeng sa aluminium
| E tloaelehileng | Sebaka |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Maemo a tekheniki bakeng sa tlhahlobo le phano |
| EN485-2 | Thepa ea mechini |
| EN485-3 | Mamello bakeng sa thepa e phutholohileng e chesang |
| EN485-4 | Mamello bakeng sa thepa e phutholohileng e batang |
| EN515 | Litlhaloso tsa bohale |
| EN573-1 | Sistimi ea ho khetholla motsoako oa linomoro |
| EN573-2 | Sistimi ea ho khetholla matšoao a lik'hemik'hale |
| EN573-3 | Metswako ea lik'hemik'hale |
| EN573-4 | Mefuta ea lihlahisoa ka li-alloy tse fapaneng |
Maemo a EN a fapane le maemo a kgale, BS1470 dibakeng tse latelang:
- Metswako ea lik'hemik'hale - e sa fetoha.
- Sistimi ea linomoro tsa alloy - ha ea fetoha.
- Mekhoa ea ho lekanya mocheso bakeng sa li-alloy tse phekoloang mocheso joale e akaretsa mefuta e mengata ea maemo a khethehileng. Ho fihlela ho linomoro tse 'ne ka mor'a T li se li hlahisitsoe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse seng tsa maemo a tloaelehileng (mohlala, T6151).
- Mekhoa ea ho lekanya mocheso bakeng sa li-alloy tse sa phekoleheng mochesong - li-temperament tse teng ha lia fetoha empa li-temperament joale li hlalositsoe ka botlalo ho latela hore na li bōptjoa joang. Soft (O) temper hona joale ke H111 'me H112 e mahareng e se e hlahisitsoe. Bakeng sa alloy 5251 temper joale li bontšoa e le H32/H34/H36/H38 (e lekanang le H22/H24, jj.). H19/H22 le H24 joale li bontšoa ka thoko.
- Litšobotsi tsa mechine – li ntse li tšoana le lipalo tse fetileng. Bopaki ba 0.2% Khatello ea maikutlo e tlameha ho qotsoa litifikeiting tsa liteko.
- Mamello e matlafalitsoe ka tekanyo e fapaneng.
Kalafo ea Mocheso ea Aluminium
Mefuta e fapaneng ea kalafo ea mocheso e ka sebelisoa ho li-alloy tsa aluminium:
- Homogenisation – ho tlosoa ha karohano ka ho futhumatsa kamora ho lahla.
- Annealing – e sebediswa ka mora ho sebetsa ka serame ho nolofatsa di-alloy tse thatafatsang mosebetsi (1XXX, 3XXX le 5XXX).
- Pula kapa ho thatafatsa botsofali (li-alloy 2XXX, 6XXX le 7XXX).
- Phekolo ea mocheso oa tharollo pele ho tsofala ha li-alloy tse thatafatsang pula.
- Ho setofo bakeng sa ho lokisa masela
- Kamora kalafo ea mocheso, sehlomathiso se eketsoa linomorong tsa mabitso.
- Sehlomathiso F se bolela “jwalo ka ha ho qapilwe”.
- O e bolela "lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka tšepe e koahetsoeng".
- T e bolela hore e "phekotsoe ka mocheso".
- W e bolela hore thepa e se e phekotsoe ka mocheso ka tharollo.
- H e bolela metsoako e sa phekoleheng e sa futhumatseng e "sebediswang ka serame" kapa "e tiisitsoeng".
- Li-alloy tse sa phekoleheng tse sa cheseng ke tse sehlopheng sa 3XXX, 4XXX le 5XXX.
Nako ea poso: Phuptjane-16-2021
