Ho fana ka mehloli e tsitsitseng ea motlakase ke e 'ngoe ea mathata a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lekholong lena la lilemo.Libaka tsa lipatlisiso ka thepa ea ho kotula matla li tsoa khothatsong ena, ho kenyeletsoa thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 le thermophotovoltaics3.Le hoja re haelloa ke lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse khonang ho kotula matla ka har'a mefuta ea Joule, lisebelisoa tsa pyroelectric tse ka fetolang matla a motlakase hore e be liphetoho tsa mocheso oa nako le nako li nkoa e le li-sensor4 le likonopo tsa matla5,6,7.Mona re thehile mochini o kotulang matla a mocheso a macroscopic ka sebopeho sa multilayer capacitor e entsoeng ka ligrama tse 42 tsa lead scandium tantalate, e hlahisang 11.2 J ea matla a motlakase ka potoloho ea thermodynamic.Mojule o mong le o mong oa pyroelectric o ka hlahisa matla a matla a motlakase ho fihlela ho 4.43 J cm-3 ka potoloho.Re boetse re bonts'a hore li-module tse joalo tse boima ba 0.3 g li lekane ho tsoela pele ho matlafatsa bakotuli ba matla ba ikemetseng ka li-microcontroller tse kentsoeng le lisensara tsa mocheso.Qetellong, re bontša hore bakeng sa mocheso oa mocheso oa 10 K, li-capacitor tsena tsa multilayer li ka fihla 40% Carnot katleho.Thepa ena e bakoa ke (1) phetoho ea karolo ea ferroelectric bakeng sa ts'ebetso e phahameng, (2) leakage e tlase ea hona joale ho thibela tahlehelo, le (3) matla a matla a ho senya.Likotuli tsena tsa matla a macroscopic, tse scalable le tse sebetsang hantle tsa pyroelectric li ntse li nahana ka tlhahiso ea matla a thermoelectric.
Ha ho bapisoa le mocheso oa sebaka o hlokahalang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa thermoelectric, kotulo ea matla ea thepa ea thermoelectric e hloka ho palama baesekele ha nako e ntse e ea.Sena se bolela potoloho ea thermodynamic, e hlalosoang hantle ke setšoantšo sa entropy (S) -temperature (T).Setšoantšo sa 1a se bonts'a mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ST oa thepa ea non-linear pyroelectric (NLP) e bontšang phetoho ea karolo ea ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition in scandium lead tantalate (PST).Likarolo tse putsoa le tse tala tsa potoloho ho setšoantšo sa ST li lumellana le matla a motlakase a fetotsoeng ka potoloho ea Olson (likarolo tse peli tsa isothermal le tse peli tsa isopole).Mona re nahana ka lipotoloho tse peli tse nang le phetoho e tšoanang ea tšimo ea motlakase (lebala le ho tima) le phetoho ea mocheso ΔT, ho sa tsotellehe mocheso o fapaneng oa pele.Potoloho e tala ha e fumanehe sebakeng sa phetoho ea mohato 'me kahoo e na le sebaka se senyenyane haholo ho feta potoloho e putsoa e fumanehang sebakeng sa phetoho ea mohato.Setšoantšong sa ST, sebaka se seholoanyane, matla a bokelitsoeng a maholo.Ka hona, phetoho ea mohato e tlameha ho bokella matla a mangata.Tlhokahalo ea sebaka se seholo sa libaesekele ho NLP e ts'oana haholo le tlhoko ea li-electrothermal applications9, 10, 11, 12 moo PST multilayer capacitor (MLCs) le PVDF-based terpolymers e sa tsoa bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntle ea morao.boemo ba ts'ebetso ea ho pholisa potolohong ea 13,14,15,16.Ka hona, re khethile PST MLCs ea thahasello bakeng sa kotulo ea matla a mocheso.Mehlala ena e hlalositsoe ka botlalo mekhoeng mme e tšoauoa ka lintlha tse tlatselletsang 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) le 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch of an entropy (S)-themperature (T) plot e nang le lebala la motlakase le butsoitseng le ho tima le sebelisitsoeng ho lisebelisoa tsa NLP tse bontšang liphetoho tsa mekhahlelo.Mehaho e 'meli ea pokello ea matla e bontšoa libakeng tse peli tse fapaneng tsa mocheso.Lipotoloho tse putsoa le tse tala li etsahala ka hare le ka ntle ho phetoho ea mohato, ka ho latellana, 'me li qetella ka libaka tse fapaneng haholo tsa holimo.b, mehele e 'meli ea DE PST MLC ea unipolar, 1 mm e teteaneng, e lekantsoeng pakeng tsa 0 le 155 kV cm-1 ho 20 °C le 90 °C, ka ho latellana, le lipotoloho tse tsamaellanang tsa Olsen.Litlhaku ABCD li bua ka linaha tse fapaneng tsa potoloho ea Olson.AB: Li-MLC li ne li lefisoa ho 155 kV cm-1 ho 20°C.BC: MLC e ne e bolokiloe ho 155 kV cm-1 mme mocheso o nyolohetse ho 90 °C.CD: MLC e tsoa ka 90 ° C.DA: MLC e hatselitsoe ho 20°C tšimong ea zero.Sebaka se seputsoa se lumellana le matla a ho kenya letsoho a hlokahalang ho qala potoloho.Sebaka sa lamunu ke matla a bokelloang ka potoloho e le 'ngoe.c, top panel, voltage (black) le current (red) khahlano le nako, tse lateloang nakong ea potoloho ea Olson joalo ka b.Lintho tse peli tse kentsoeng li emela ho holisoa ha motlakase le hona joale lintlheng tsa bohlokoa potolohong.Ka phanele e ka tlase, li-curve tse mosehla le tse tala li emela mocheso o ts'oanang le li-curve tsa matla, ka ho latellana, bakeng sa MLC e teteaneng ea 1 mm.Matla a baloa ho tloha ho li-curve tsa hona joale le tsa voltage karolong e ka holimo.Matla a fosahetseng a lumellana le matla a bokelitsoeng.Mehato e tsamaellanang le litlhaku tse kholo lipalong tse 'ne e tšoana le ea potoloho ea Olson.Potoloho ea AB'CD e lumellana le potoloho ea Stirling (ntlha e eketsehileng ea 7).
moo E le D e leng sebaka sa motlakase le sebaka sa phallo ea motlakase, ka ho latellana.Nd e ka fumanoa ka tsela e sa tobang ho potoloho ea DE (setšoantšo sa 1b) kapa ka ho toba ka ho qala potoloho ea thermodynamic.Mekhoa e molemo ka ho fetisisa e hlalositsoe ke Olsen mosebetsing oa hae oa bopula-maliboho oa ho bokella matla a pyroelectric lilemong tsa bo-198017.
Ka feiga.1b e bonts'a li-loops tse peli tsa DE tsa 1 mm tse teteaneng tsa PST-MLC tse kopantsoeng ho 20 °C le 90 °C, ka ho latellana, ho feta 0 ho 155 kV cm-1 (600 V).Lipotoloho tsena tse peli li ka sebelisoa ho bala ka mokhoa o sa tobang matla a bokeletsoeng ke potoloho ea Olson e bontšitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 1a.Ha e le hantle, potoloho ea Olsen e na le makala a mabeli a isofield (mona, tšimo ea zero lekaleng la DA le 155 kV cm-1 lekaleng la BC) le makala a mabeli a isothermal (mona, 20 ° С le 20 ° С lekaleng la AB) .C lekaleng la CD) Matla a bokelloang nakong ea potoloho a lumellana le libaka tsa lamunu le tse putsoa (EdD integral).Matla a bokelletsoeng Nd ke phapang pakeng tsa matla a ho kenya le ho tsoa, ​​ke hore feela sebaka sa lamunu sa feiga.1b.Potoloho ena ea Olson e fana ka matla a Nd a matla a 1.78 J cm-3.The Stirling cycle ke mokhoa o mong ho feta oa Olson (Supplementary Note 7).Hobane sethala sa tefiso se sa khaotseng (potoloho e bulehileng) se fihlella habonolo, matla a matla a ntšitsoeng ho Fig. 1b (cycle AB'CD) e fihla ho 1.25 J cm-3.Ena ke 70% feela ea seo potoloho ea Olson e ka se bokellang, empa lisebelisoa tse bonolo tsa kotulo li etsa joalo.
Ho phaella moo, re ile ra lekanya ka ho toba matla a bokelitsoeng nakong ea potoloho ea Olson ka ho matlafatsa PST MLC ho sebelisa sethala sa taolo ea mocheso oa Linkam le meter ea mohloli (mokhoa).Setšoantšo sa 1c holimo le ho li-insets tse fapaneng se bonts'a hona joale (e khubelu) le voltage (e ntšo) e bokelletsoeng ho 1 limilimithara tse teteaneng tsa PST MLC joalo ka DE loop e tsamaeang ka potoloho e tšoanang ea Olson.Hona joale le motlakase li etsa hore ho khonehe ho bala matla a bokelitsoeng, 'me li-curve li bontšoa ka feiga.1c, tlase (botala) le mocheso (mosehla) ho pholletsa le potoloho.Litlhaku ABCD li emela potoloho e tšoanang ea Olson setšoantšong sa 1. Ho lefella MLC ho etsahala nakong ea leoto la AB 'me ho etsoa ka nako e tlaase (200 µA), kahoo SourceMeter e ka laola hantle ho tjhaja.Liphello tsa nako ena kamehla qalong ke hore mothinya gagamalo (black curve) ha e linear ka lebaka la ho bao e seng linear bokgoni displacement tšimo D PST (sa feiga. 1c, top inset).Qetellong ea ho tjhaja, 30 mJ ea matla a motlakase e bolokoa ho MLC (ntlha ea B).Joale MLC e futhumatsa 'me hona joale ho na le matla a fosahetseng (' me ka hona ho na le motlakase o mobe) ha motlakase o ntse o le 600 V. Ka mor'a metsotso e 40, ha mocheso o fihla sehlabeng sa 90 ° C, hona joale sena se ile sa lefshoa, le hoja mohlala oa mohato. e hlahisitsoeng potolohong matla a motlakase a 35 mJ nakong ea isofield ena (setšoantšo sa bobeli sa setšoantšo sa 1c, holimo).Joale motlakase oa MLC (CD ea lekala) oa fokotseha, e leng se etsang hore ho be le mosebetsi o eketsehileng oa 60 mJ oa motlakase.Kakaretso ea matla a tsoang ke 95 mJ.Matla a bokelitsoeng ke phapang pakeng tsa matla a ho kenya le ho hlahisa, a fanang ka 95 - 30 = 65 mJ.Sena se lumellana le matla a matla a 1.84 J cm-3, e leng haufi haholo le Nd e ntšitsoeng ho lesale la DE.Ho ikatisa ha potoloho ena ea Olson ho lekoa haholo (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso 4).Ka ho eketseha ha motlakase le mocheso, re fihletse 4.43 J cm-3 re sebelisa li-cycle tsa Olsen ka PST MLC e teteaneng ea 0.5 mm ka holim'a mocheso oa 750 V (195 kV cm-1) le 175 ° C (Supplementary Note 5).Ena ke makhetlo a mane ho feta ts'ebetso e ntle ka ho fetisisa e tlalehiloeng libukeng bakeng sa li-cycle tsa Olson tse tobileng 'me e ile ea fumanoa lifiliming tse tšesaane tsa Pb (Mg, Nb) O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Letlapa la 1 bakeng sa litekanyetso tse ling libukeng). Ts'ebetso ena e fihletsoe ka lebaka la ho lutla ho tlase haholo ha li-MLC tsena (<10−7 A ho 750 V le 180 °C, bona lintlha ho Supplementary Note 6) - ntlha ea bohlokoa e boletsoeng ke Smith et al.19-ho fapana le hoo. ho lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pejana17,20. Ts'ebetso ena e fihletsoe ka lebaka la ho lutla ho tlase haholo ha li-MLC tsena (<10−7 A ho 750 V le 180 °C, bona lintlha ho Supplementary Note 6) - ntlha ea bohlokoa e boletsoeng ke Smith et al.19-ho fapana le hoo. ho lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pejana17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. тический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др.19 - ka ho ba teng ha makhabane, le ho ba teng ha bona; Litšobotsi tsena li ile tsa finyelloa ka lebaka la ho lutla ho fokolang haholo hona joale ha li-MLC tsena (<10-7 A ho 750 V le 180 ° C, bona Supplementary Note 6 bakeng sa lintlha) - ntlha ea bohlokoa e boletsoeng ke Smith et al.19 - ho fapana le lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pejana17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉到的详细伉到的详细伉义 明6键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A , 参见补充说明 6 中 详细 ） 中 详细人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下之之相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之之下 相比之下 相比之之之下下相比之之之下下下究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечаний 6) — др.19 - для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Kaha hona joale ho lutla ha li-MLC tsena ho tlaase haholo (<10-7 A ho 750 V le 180 ° C, bona Supplementary Note 6 bakeng sa lintlha) - ntlha ea bohlokoa e boletsoeng ke Smith et al.19 - ho bapisa, litšoantšiso tsena li ile tsa finyelloa.ho lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pejana 17,20.
Maemo a tšoanang (600 V, 20-90 ° C) a sebelisoa ho Stirling cycle (Supplementary note 7).Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe ho tsoa liphethong tsa potoloho ea DE, chai e ne e le 41.0 mJ.E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse khahlang haholo tsa li-Cirling cycles ke bokhoni ba tsona ba ho holisa motlakase oa pele ka phello ea thermoelectric.Re ile ra hlokomela phaello ea motlakase ho fihlela ho 39 (ho tloha ho motlakase oa pele oa 15 V ho ea qetellong ea motlakase ho fihlela ho 590 V, bona Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Tšobotsi e 'ngoe e khethollang ea li-MLC tsena ke hore ke lintho tse macroscopic tse kholo ho lekana ho bokella matla ka har'a mofuta oa joule.Ka hona, re ile ra haha ​​​​mochine oa lihlahisoa (HARV1) re sebelisa 28 MLC PST 1 mm e teteaneng, ho latela moralo o tšoanang oa poleiti o hlalositsoeng ke Torello et al.14, ka matrix a 7 × 4 joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong. Mokelikeli oa dielectric o tsamaisang mocheso manifold e tlosoa ke pompo ea peristaltic pakeng tsa matamo a mabeli moo mocheso oa mokelikeli o bolokiloeng o sa fetohe (mokhoa).Bokella ho fihla ho 3.1 J ho sebelisa potoloho ea Olson e hlalositsoeng ho feiga.2a, libaka tsa isothermal ho 10°C le 125°C le libaka tsa isofield ho 0 le 750 V (195 kV cm-1).Sena se lumellana le matla a matla a 3.14 J cm-3.Ho sebelisa motsoako ona, litekanyo li ne li nkoa tlas'a maemo a sa tšoaneng (setšoantšo sa 2b).Hlokomela hore 1.8 J e ile ea fumanoa ho feta mocheso oa 80 °C le motlakase oa 600 V (155 kV cm-1).Sena se lumellana hantle le 65 mJ e boletsoeng pejana bakeng sa 1 mm e teteaneng ea PST MLC tlas'a maemo a tšoanang (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Ho hlophisoa ha liteko tsa prototype ea HARV1 e kopaneng e ipapisitseng le 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm botenya (mela e 4 × likholomo tse 7) e tsamaeang ka li-cycles tsa Olson.Bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mehato e mene ea potoloho, mocheso le voltage li fanoa ka prototype.K'homphieutha e khanna pompo ea peristaltic e potolohang mokelikeli oa dielectric pakeng tsa matamo a batang le a chesang, li-valve tse peli le mohloli oa matla.Khomphuta e boetse e sebelisa li-thermocouples ho bokella lintlha ka motlakase le hona joale tse fanoang ho prototype le mocheso oa motsoako ho tloha phepelong ea matla.b, Matla ('mala) e bokelletsoeng ke mohlala oa rona oa 4 × 7 MLC khahlanong le mocheso oa mocheso (X-axis) le voltage (Y-axis) litekong tse fapaneng.
Mofuta o moholoanyane oa kotulo (HARV2) o nang le 60 PST MLC 1 mm botenya le 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm botenya (41.7 g active pyroelectric material) o fane ka 11.2 J (Supplementary Note 8).Ka 1984, Olsen o ile a etsa mochine oa ho kotula matla o thehiloeng ho 317 g ea motsoako oa tin-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 o khonang ho hlahisa 6.23 J ea motlakase mocheso o ka bang 150 °C (ref. 21).Bakeng sa motsoako ona, ena ke eona feela boleng bo bong bo fumanehang sebakeng sa joule.E fumane ka holimonyana ho halofo ea boleng boo re bo fihletseng le boleng bo imenneng ka makhetlo a supileng.Sena se bolela hore matla a matla a HARV2 a phahame ka makhetlo a 13.
Nako ea potoloho ea HARV1 ke metsotsoana e 57.Sena se hlahisitse matla a 54 mW ka mela e 4 ea litšiea tse 7 tsa li-MLC tse 1 mm tse teteaneng.Ho e isa mohato o le mong ho ea pele, re ile ra haha ​​motsoako oa boraro (HARV3) o nang le PST MLC e teteaneng ea 0.5mm le setup se tšoanang le HARV1 le HARV2 (Tlaleho ea Tlatsetso 9).Re lekanya nako ea ho futhumatsa ea metsotsoana e 12.5.Sena se lumellana le nako ea potoloho ea 25 s (Supplementary Fig. 9).Matla a bokeletsoeng (47 mJ) a fana ka matla a motlakase a 1.95 mW ka MLC, e leng se re lumellang hore re nahane hore HARV2 e hlahisa 0.55 W (hoo e ka bang 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm thick).Ho phaella moo, re ile ra etsisa ho fetisa mocheso ho sebelisa Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Supplementary Note 10 le Supplementary Tables 2-4) e lumellanang le liteko tsa HARV1.Finite element modelling e entse hore ho khonehe ho bolela esale pele boleng ba matla bo batlang bo lekana le boholo bo holimo (430 mW) bakeng sa palo e ts'oanang ea likholomo tsa PST ka ho fokotsa MLC ho 0.2 mm, ho sebelisa metsi joalo ka pholiso, le ho khutlisetsa matrix ho mela e 7. .× 4 litšiea (ho phaella ho , ho ne ho e-na le 960 mW ha tanka e le haufi le motsoako, Supplementary Fig. 10b).
E le ho bontša molemo oa mokelli enoa, ho ile ha sebelisoa potoloho ea Stirling ho pontšo e ikemetseng e nang le PST MLC tse peli feela tse 0.5 mm e le babokelli ba mocheso, mochine o phahameng oa motlakase, mochine o tlaase oa motlakase o nang le capacitor ea polokelo, mochine oa DC / DC. , microcontroller ea matla a tlaase, li-thermocouples tse peli le converter ea boost (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso ea 11).Potoloho e hloka hore capacitor ea polokelo e qosoe qalong ho 9V ebe e sebetsa ka boikemelo ha mocheso oa li-MLC tse peli o tloha ho -5 ° C ho isa ho 85 ° C, mona ka li-cycle tsa 160 s (lipotoloho tse 'maloa li bontšoa ho Supplementary Note 11) .Ho makatsang ke hore li-MLC tse peli tse boima ba 0.3g feela li ka laola sistimi ena e kholo ka bo eona.Ntho e 'ngoe e thahasellisang ke hore mochine o fokolang oa motlakase o khona ho fetola 400V ho 10-15V ka katleho ea 79% (Supplementary Note 11 le Supplementary Figure 11.3).
Qetellong, re ile ra lekola katleho ea li-module tsena tsa MLC ho fetoleng matla a futhumatsang matla a motlakase.Ntho ea boleng η ea ho sebetsa hantle e hlalosoa e le karo-karolelano ea boima ba matla a motlakase a bokelletsoeng Nd ho boima ba mocheso o fanoeng Qin (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso 12):
Lipalo 3a,b li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea η le ts'ebetso e lekantsoeng ηr ea potoloho ea Olsen, ka ho latellana, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea mocheso oa 0.5 mm botenya ba PST MLC.Lisebelisoa ka bobeli tsa data li fanoe bakeng sa sebaka sa motlakase sa 195 kV cm-1.Ho sebetsa hantle \(\ sena\) ho fihla ho 1.43%, e lekanang le 18% ea ηr.Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa mocheso o fapaneng oa 10 K ho tloha ho 25 °C ho ea ho 35 °C, ηr e fihla ho litekanyetso ho fihlela ho 40% (mokokotlo o moputsoa setšoantšong sa 3b).Ena ke makhetlo a mabeli a bohlokoa a tsejoang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa NLP tse tlalehiloeng lifiliming tsa PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) mocheso oa mocheso oa 10 K le 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18).Mefuta ea mocheso e ka tlase ho 10 K e ne e sa nkoa hobane mocheso oa mocheso oa PST MLC o pakeng tsa 5 le 8 K. Ho lemoha phello e ntle ea liphetoho tsa mohato ka katleho ke habohlokoa.Ha e le hantle, litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa η le ηr li batla li fumanoa mocheso oa pele oa Ti = 25 ° C ho Feiga.3a,b.Sena se bakoa ke phetoho e haufi ea mohato ha ho sa sebelisoe tšimo 'me mocheso oa Curie TC o haufi le 20 °C ho li-MLC tsena (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso 13).
a,b, ts'ebetso e ntle η le katleho e lekantsoeng ea potoloho ea Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } bakeng sa boholo ba motlakase ka lebala la 195 kV cm-1 le mocheso o fapaneng oa pele oa Ti, }}\,\)(b) bakeng sa MPC PST 0.5 mm botenya, ho itšetlehile ka nako ea mocheso ΔTspan.
Tlhaloso ea ho qetela e na le lintlha tse peli tsa bohlokoa: (1) ho palama libaesekele leha e le life tse sebetsang ho tlameha ho qala ka mocheso o ka holimo ho TC bakeng sa phetoho ea karolo e bakoang ke tšimo (ho tloha ho paraelectric ho ea ho ferroelectric) ho etsahala;(2) lisebelisoa tsena li sebetsa hantle haholo ka linako tse mathang haufi le TC.Le hoja katleho e kholo e bontšoa litekong tsa rona, mocheso o fokolang oa mocheso ha o re lumelle ho finyella katleho e kholo ka ho feletseng ka lebaka la moeli oa Carnot (\(\ Delta T / T\)).Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso e ntle e bonts'itsoeng ke li-MLC tsena tsa PST e lokafatsa Olsen ha a bolela hore "mofuta o motle oa sehlopha sa 20 o nchafatsang mocheso o sebetsang mochesong o pakeng tsa 50 °C le 250 °C o ka sebetsa hantle ka 30%"17.Ho fihlela litekanyetso tsena le ho leka mohopolo, ho ka ba molemo ho sebelisa li-PST tse nang le li-TC tse fapaneng, joalo ka ha ho ithutoa ke Shebanov le Borman.Ba bontšitse hore TC ho PST e ka fapana ho tloha 3 ° C (Sb doping) ho 33 ° C (Ti doping) 22.Ka hona, re nahana hore moloko o latelang oa li-pyroelectric regenerator tse thehiloeng ho PST MLC ea doped kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tse nang le phetoho e matla ea mohato oa pele li ka hlōlisana le bakotuli ba matla ka ho fetisisa.
Thutong ena, re batlisitse li-MLC tse entsoeng ka PST.Lisebelisoa tsena li na le letoto la li-electrode tsa Pt le PST, tseo ka tsona li-capacitor tse 'maloa li hokahantsoeng ka ho tšoana.PST e khethiloe hobane ke thepa e ntle haholo ea EC mme ka hona ke thepa e ntle haholo ea NLP.E bonts'a phetoho e bohale ea pele ea ferroelectric-paraelectric phase ho pota 20 ° C, e bontšang hore liphetoho tsa eona tsa entropy li tšoana le tse bontšitsoeng setšoantšong sa 1. Li-MLC tse tšoanang li hlalositsoe ka botlalo bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa EC13,14.Thutong ena, re sebelisitse 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ le 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs.Li-MLC tse nang le botenya ba 1 mm le 0.5 mm li entsoe ho tloha 19 le 9 layers tsa PST ka botenya ba 38.6 µm, ka ho latellana.Maemong ana ka bobeli, lera le ka hare la PST le behiloe lipakeng tsa 2.05 µm li-electrode tse teteaneng tsa platinum.Moqapi oa li-MLC tsena o nka hore 55% ea PST e sebetsa, e tsamaellanang le karolo e pakeng tsa li-electrode (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso 1).Sebaka se sebetsang sa electrode e ne e le 48.7 mm2 (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso ea 5).MLC PST e hlophisitsoe ke karabelo e tiileng ea mohato le mokhoa oa ho lahla.Lintlha tsa mokhoa oa ho lokisetsa li hlalositsoe sehloohong se fetileng14.E 'ngoe ea phapang pakeng tsa PST MLC le sehlooho se fetileng ke taelo ea libaka tsa B, tse amang haholo ts'ebetso ea EC ho PST.Taelo ea libaka tsa B tsa PST MLC ke 0.75 (Supplementary Note 2) e fumanoeng ka sintering ho 1400°C e lateloa ke makholo a lihora tse telele annealing ho 1000°C.Ho fumana lintlha tse ling mabapi le PST MLC, bona Lintlha tsa Tlatsetso 1-3 le Letlapa la 5 la Tlatsetso.
Mohopolo o ka sehloohong oa thuto ena o itšetlehile ka potoloho ea Olson (setšoantšo sa 1).Bakeng sa potoloho e joalo, re hloka polokelo ea metsi e chesang le e batang le phepelo ea motlakase e khonang ho beha leihlo le ho laola motlakase le hona joale ho li-module tse fapaneng tsa MLC.Lipotoloho tsena tse tobileng li sebelisitse litlhophiso tse peli tse fapaneng, e leng (1) Li-module tsa Linkam tse futhumatsang le ho pholisa MLC e le 'ngoe e hokahaneng le mohloli oa matla oa Keithley 2410, le (2) li-prototype tse tharo (HARV1, HARV2 le HARV3) ka ho tsamaisana le matla a tšoanang a mohloli.Tabeng ea ho qetela, mokelikeli oa dielectric (oli ea silicone e nang le viscosity ea 5 cP ho 25 ° C, e rekiloeng ho Sigma Aldrich) e ne e sebelisetsoa phapanyetsano ea mocheso pakeng tsa matamo a mabeli (a chesang le a batang) le MLC.Sebaka sa polokelo ea mocheso se na le sejana sa khalase se tletseng mokelikeli oa dielectric 'me se behoa holim'a poleiti ea mocheso.Poloko e batang e na le bate ea metsi e nang le li-tubes tsa metsi tse nang le mokelikeli oa dielectric ka har'a sejana se seholo sa polasetiki se tletseng metsi le leqhoa.Li-valve tse peli tse tharo tsa pinch (tse rekiloeng ho Bio-Chem Fluidics) li ne li behiloe pheletsong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea motsoako ho fetola metsi hantle ho tloha setšeng se seng ho ea ho se seng (Setšoantšo sa 2a).Ho netefatsa tekano ea mocheso pakeng tsa sephutheloana sa PST-MLC le se pholileng, nako ea potoloho e ile ea atolosoa ho fihlela li-thermocouples tse kenang le ho tsoa (haufi le sephutheloana sa PST-MLC) li bontša mocheso o tšoanang.Sengoloa sa Python se laola le ho hokahanya lisebelisoa tsohle (limithara tsa mohloli, lipompo, li-valve, le li-thermocouples) ho tsamaisa potoloho e nepahetseng ea Olson, ke hore, loop e pholileng e qala ho tsamaea ka baesekele ka har'a stack ea PST ka mor'a hore meter ea mohloli e lefelloe e le hore e futhumale ka nako e batloang. motlakase o sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa potoloho ea Olson.
Ntle le moo, re netefalitse litekanyo tsena tse tobileng tsa matla a bokeletsoeng ka mekhoa e sa tobang.Mekhoa ena e sa tobang e thehiloe holim'a ho falla ha motlakase (D) - tšimo ea motlakase (E) li-loops tsa tšimo tse bokelitsoeng ka mocheso o fapaneng, 'me ka ho bala sebaka pakeng tsa li-loops tse peli tsa DE, motho a ka lekanya ka nepo hore na ho ka bokelloa matla a makae, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong. .setšoantšong sa 2. .1b.Li-loops tsena tsa DE li boetse li bokelloa ho sebelisoa Keithley source metres.
Li-MLC tse mashome a mabeli a metso e robeli tsa 1 limilimithara tse teteaneng tsa PST li ile tsa bokelloa ka har'a 4-line, 7-column parallel plate structure ho latela moralo o hlalositsoeng ho referense.14. Lekhalo la mokelikeli pakeng tsa mela ea PST-MLC ke 0.75mm.Sena se finyelloa ka ho kenyelletsa likhoele tsa theipi e mahlakoreng a mabeli e le li-spacers tsa metsi ho potoloha mathōko a PST MLC.PST MLC e hokahane ka motlakase ka ho tsamaisana le borokho ba silevera ea epoxy bo kopane le li-electrode lead.Ka mor'a moo, lithapo li ne li khomaretsoe ka silevera ea epoxy resin lehlakoreng le leng le le leng la liteishene tsa li-electrode bakeng sa ho hokahanya phepelong ea motlakase.Qetellong, kenya mohaho oohle ka har'a hose ea polyolefin.Ea ho qetela e khomaretsoe ka har'a tube ea mokelikeli ho etsa bonnete ba hore e tiisoa hantle.Qetellong, li-thermocouples tsa mofuta oa 0.25 mm tse teteaneng li ile tsa hahoa pheletsong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea sebopeho sa PST-MLC ho lekola mocheso oa mokelikeli o kenang le o tsoang.Ho etsa sena, hose e tlameha ho etsoa pele.Ka mor'a ho kenya thermocouple, sebelisa sekhomaretsi se tšoanang le sa pele pakeng tsa hose ea thermocouple le terata ho tsosolosa tiiso.
Ho ile ha hahoa li-prototype tse robeli tse arohaneng, tse 'nè tsa tsona li ne li e-na le li-PST tsa 40 0.5 mm tse teteaneng tsa MLC tse abuoang e le lipoleiti tse tšoanang tse nang le litšiea tse 5 le mela e 8,' me tse 'nè tse setseng li ne li e-na le 15 1 mm thick MLC PSTs e' ngoe le e 'ngoe.ka 3-kholomo × 5-mola parallel sebopeho sa poleiti.Palo eohle ea PST MLCs e sebelisitsoeng e ne e le 220 (160 0.5 mm botenya le 60 PST MLC 1 mm botenya).Re bitsa likaroloana tsena tse peli HARV2_160 le HARV2_60.Lekhalo la mokelikeli setšoantšong sa HARV2_160 se na le litheipi tse peli tse mahlakoreng a mabeli a bophara ba 0.25 mm le terata e boima ba 0.25 mm pakeng tsa tsona.Bakeng sa mohlala oa HARV2_60, re pheta mokhoa o ts'oanang, empa re sebelisa terata e teteaneng ea 0.38 mm.Bakeng sa symmetry, HARV2_160 le HARV2_60 li na le li-circuits tsa tsona tsa mokelikeli, lipompo, li-valve le lehlakore le batang (Tlhaloso ea Tlatsetso 8).Liyuniti tse peli tsa HARV2 li arolelana polokelo ea mocheso, sets'oants'o sa 3 litre (30 cm x 20 x 5 cm) holim'a lipoleiti tse peli tse chesang tse nang le limakete tse bilikang.Li-prototype tsohle tse robeli li hokahane ka motlakase ka ho bapa.Li-subunit tsa HARV2_160 le HARV2_60 li sebetsa ka nako e le 'ngoe ho saekele ea Olson ho fella ka kotulo ea matla ea 11.2 J.
Beha PST MLC e teteaneng ea 0.5mm ka har'a hose ea polyolefin e nang le theipi e mahlakoreng a mabeli le terata ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli ho etsa sebaka sa hore mokelikeli o phalle.Ka lebaka la boholo ba eona bo bonyenyane, mohlala o ne o behiloe haufi le valve ea metsi a chesang kapa a batang, ho fokotsa linako tsa potoloho.
Ho PST MLC, sebaka sa motlakase sa kamehla se sebelisoa ka ho sebelisa motlakase o sa khaotseng lekaleng la ho futhumatsa.Ka lebaka leo, mocheso o mobe oa mocheso o hlahisoa 'me matla a bolokiloe.Ka mor'a ho futhumatsa PST MLC, tšimo e tlosoa (V = 0), 'me matla a bolokiloeng ho eona a khutlisetsoa mohloling oa mohloli, o lumellanang le monehelo o mong hape oa matla a bokelitsoeng.Qetellong, ka voltage V = 0 e sebelisitsoeng, MLC PSTs e pholile mocheso oa eona oa pele e le hore potoloho e ka qala hape.Nakong ena, matla ha a bokelloe.Re ile ra matha potoloho ea Olsen re sebelisa Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, re lefisa PST MLC ho tloha mohloling oa motlakase le ho beha papali ea hona joale ho ea boleng bo loketseng e le hore lintlha tse lekaneng li bokelloe nakong ea ho lefella lipalo bakeng sa lipalo tse tšepahalang tsa matla.
Ho Stirling cycles, PST MLCs e ile ea lefisoa ka mokhoa oa motlakase oa mohloli oa motlakase ho boleng ba tšimo ea pele ea motlakase (voltage ea pele Vi> 0), e lakatsehang hona joale e le hore mohato oa ho tjhaja o nke hoo e ka bang 1 s ('me lintlha tse lekaneng li bokelloa bakeng sa lipalo tse tšepahalang tsa the energy) le mocheso o batang. Ho Stirling cycles, PST MLCs e ile ea lefisoa ka mokhoa oa motlakase oa mohloli oa motlakase ho boleng ba tšimo ea pele ea motlakase (voltage ea pele Vi> 0), e lakatsehang hona joale e le hore mohato oa ho tjhaja o nke hoo e ka bang 1 s ('me lintlha tse lekaneng li bokelloa bakeng sa lipalo tse tšepahalang tsa the energy) le mocheso o batang. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная температура. Lipotolohong tsa Stirling PST MLC, li ile tsa lefisoa ka mokhoa oa mohloli oa motlakase ka boleng ba pele ba sebaka sa motlakase (voltage ea pele Vi> 0), tlhahiso e lakatsehang, e le hore sethala sa ho tjhaja se nke hoo e ka bang 1 s (le palo e lekaneng. ea lintlha li bokelloa bakeng sa palo e ka tšeptjoang ea matla) le mocheso o batang.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需给攵，所需的麡攵，所需的麡需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温. Nakong ea potoloho e kholo, PST MLC e qosoa ka boleng ba tšimo ea pele ea motlakase (voltage ea pele Vi> 0) ka mokhoa oa mohloli oa motlakase, e le hore nako e hlokahalang ea ho latela melao e nka hoo e ka bang motsotso o le mong bakeng sa mohato oa ho tjhaja (mme re ile ra bokella lintlha tse lekaneng ho bala ka botshepehi (matla) le mocheso o tlase. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) в, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергию) и низкие температ . Ho Stirling cycle, PST MLC e qosoa ka mokhoa oa mohloli oa motlakase o nang le boleng ba pele ba sebaka sa motlakase (voltage ea pele Vi> 0), nako e hlokahalang ea ho lumellana ke hore sethala sa ho tjhaja se nka hoo e ka bang 1 s (le palo e lekaneng. ea lintlha li bokelloa ho tšepahala ho bala matla) le mocheso o tlaase .Pele PST MLC e futhumala, bula potoloho ka ho sebelisa motlakase o lekanang oa I = 0 mA (bonyane bo lekanang le hona joale boo mohloli oa rona oa ho lekanya o ka sebetsanang le bona ke 10 nA).Ka lebaka leo, tefiso e ntse e le PST ea MJK, 'me motlakase oa eketseha ha sampuli e chesa.Ha ho matla a bokelloang ka letsoho BC hobane ke = 0 mA.Ka mor'a ho fihla mocheso o phahameng, matla a MLT FT a eketseha (ka linako tse ling ho feta makhetlo a 30, bona feiga e eketsehileng. kaha ke tefiso ea pele.Eona mangolo a hona joale a khutlisetsoa mohloling oa metara.Ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha motlakase, matla a bolokiloeng mochesong o phahameng a phahame ho feta a fanoeng qalong ea potoloho.Ka lebaka leo, matla a fumanoa ka ho fetola mocheso hore e be motlakase.
Re sebelisitse Keithley 2410 SourceMeter ho shebella motlakase le hona joale ho sebelisoa ho PST MLC.Matla a tšoanang a baloa ka ho kopanya sehlahisoa sa motlakase le hona joale se baloang ke meter ea mohloli oa Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\ tau} {I}_({\rm {meas))}\ ka ho le letšehali(t\ ka ho le letona){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), moo τ e leng nako ea nako.Holima matla a rona, boleng ba matla bo nepahetseng bo bolela matla ao re tlamehang ho a fa MLC PST, 'me boleng bo bobe bo bolela matla ao re a ntšang ho bona, ka hona matla ao re a fumanang.Matla a lekanyelitsoeng bakeng sa potoloho e fanoeng ea pokello a khethoa ka ho arola matla a bokeletsoeng ka nako τ ea potoloho eohle.
Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa ka mongolo o ka sehloohong kapa boitsebisong bo eketsehileng.Mangolo le likopo tsa lisebelisoa li lokela ho lebisoa mohloling oa data ea AT kapa ED e fanoeng sehloohong sena.
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Re leboha N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, le K. Honda ka thuso ea bona ho theheng MLC.PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB le ED Thanks ho Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) bakeng sa ho tšehetsa mosebetsi ona ka CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay le BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Lefapha la Lipatlisiso le Theknoloji ea Thepa, Setsi sa Theknoloji sa Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg